Military hospital during World War II. Description of the military hospital. Achievements and omissions

Chapter 1. Creation and functioning of the hospital rear base.

§one. The main stages of the formation of a network of hospitals.

§2. Measures to improve the material and technical base of 53 hospitals.

§3. Providing hospitals with medical personnel.

Chapter 2. Organization and improvement of medical work in hospitals.

§one. Management of the medical work of hospitals.

§2. Medical-evacuation and scientific-practical activities of hospitals.

Chapter 3. Public and patronage assistance to hospitals.

§ 1. Main directions of public activity.

§2. Chef's help to hospitals.

Dissertation Introduction 2001, abstract on history, Shelia, Zhanna Aleksandrovna

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. - perhaps the most significant and tragic event not only of the 20th century, but of the entire Russian history. Having swept through the cities and villages with multimillion-dollar grief, it affected almost every Soviet family. The victory was made possible by incredible efforts. It was won not only by mass heroism at the front, but also by the unprecedented feat of home front workers. Soviet doctors did a lot to defeat fascism: 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of the sick soldiers were again returned to combat formation1. None of the warring countries knew such results during the Second World War. Medical workers returned to the active army almost 2 times more wounded than German doctors (72.3% vs.

40%). 7 million fighters and commanders were returned to the army^. In the evacuation hospitals formed on the territory of the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, this medical indicator was even higher and amounted to more than 90%.

Therefore, in the complex of problems of the history of the Patriotic War, issues related to the history of the medical support of the Red Army are of obvious relevance. The study of the historical experience of successfully solving such complex problems of the initial period of the war as the evacuation of thousands of hospitals from the front-line areas to the rear, their creation in new places, as well as the solution of other tasks for restructuring the life of the country on a war footing, are of great importance. The study of this experience becomes all the more relevant in today's conditions, when in a number of regions of the former USSR fighting, tens of thousands of people are injured, die. In this regard, the historical experience of the war years,

1 Health care during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Collection of documents and materials. M., 1977. P.21 Chikin S.V. The CPSU and the protection of the health of the people. M., 1977. S.52

Sinitsin A.M. All-People's Aid to the Front. On the patriotic movements of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 1985. S.245. of course, today it requires its deep reflection, it can teach a lot and warn the current and future generations.

tragic events recent years personally confirmed the sad truth: in extreme conditions, whether natural disasters, earthquakes, social disasters, terrorist attacks or prolonged, bloody military conflicts, the need for a medical service increases many times over. In addition, the question of rendering assistance to the wounded soldiers by the population itself has now turned into an urgent aspect. In this regard, the study of the valuable experience of the Great Patriotic War, and, in particular, the activities of medical institutions, is not only scientific cognitive, but also an increasing social and applied meaning. The speech may also already underway Now about how, at least if possible, to make up for the losses of the active army at the expense of recovering soldiers. The care of people for wounded soldiers is a heroic page of the Great Patriotic War. The results of research on this problem can be used as additional material for the patriotic education of youth. In this regard, of interest are the forms and methods of work that arouse feelings of compassion and mercy, uniting the efforts of the whole people to help people in need: the disabled, war and labor veterans, internationalist soldiers, orphans. Given the specific historical conditions and realities of today, the experience of the Great Patriotic War is very instructive in this regard.

During the years separating us from the Patriotic War, a huge amount of historical material has been accumulated, a large number of works covering both the general problems of the war and its individual aspects. By the beginning of 1980 historical literature on the Great Patriotic War totaled over 16,000 titles4. Nevertheless, there is still a lot of things waiting for much closer attention, especially at the level of modern scientific research.

4 Historiography of the Great Patriotic War. Digest of articles. M., 1980. P.6. research - comprehensive, in-depth and objective, and therefore free from political and other conjuncture. In the study of the topic of interest to us, the following stages can be distinguished: 1) June 1941. - May 1945, 2) the first post-war decade, 3) 1956. - 80s, 4) from the beginning of the 90s. They partly coincide with the main periods of the socio-political development of the whole country, since the development of the humanities themselves and a number of other sciences in the USSR was substantially commensurate with the general situation in domestic and foreign policy.

The first attempts to cover certain aspects of the activities of hospitals were made during the war and in the first post-war years. At the same time, the study of the experience of the Soviet authorities and the public in organizing assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers of the Red Army began. During this period, more than 15 thousand articles were published in journals and collections of scientific papers related to various issues of military medicine, including the activities of evacuation hospitals (EG) in the rear3. For the most part, these were popular science articles of an applied and recommendatory nature. Their appointment was meant to disseminate the experience accumulated in the rear hospital bases of the country in medical and sanitary care for the wounded and in organizing patronage assistance6. At the same time, the first attempts were made to generalize the experience of the medical service of the Red Army in general and individual fronts in particular. Among them, the works of the leading figures of the military medical service of the Red Army stood out: its chief surgeon N.N. Burdenko,

5 Ivanov N.G., Georgievsky A.S., Lobastov O.S. Soviet healthcare and military medicine in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. JL, 1985, p.235.

6 Shipovsky Ya. Patronage over hospitals is an honorable duty of Soviet patriots. //Sanitary defense. 1941. Nos. 12-13; Richter 3. Soviet hospital. M., 1942.

Work experience of doctors of the North-Western Front. Issue I. Ed. divdoctor M.A. Shamashkin, divdoctor prof. N.N.Elansky, in/v.1 rank B.M.Milovidov. M., 1943. Further: The experience of the doctors of the North-Western Fornt .; Milovidov S.I. Results and tasks of the work of the Eg NKZ USSR. //Soviet health care. 1942. Nos. 5-6. head of the GVSU KA E.I. Smirnov, medical scientist I.B. Rostotsky and others.8. They contained material on organizational structure military sanitary service of the Red Army, its tasks for the medical support of troops corresponding scientific research, the work of doctors in front-line conditions, their exploits at the front and in the rear of the country, some forms of popular assistance to wounded soldiers were revealed. Their authors, direct participants and main organizers of the relevant services, shared their experience of almost unparalleled treatment of an unprecedented number of the wounded, revealed achievements and shortcomings in organizing care for the wounded, and summarized the first factual material. Small journal articles and individual brochures covered the instructions and recommendations of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army on carrying out party political work in evacuation hospitals, organizing socialist competition, and improving the activities of hospital primary party organizations9. It was in the works of this subject that the historical-party aspect was most clearly expressed. But due to the incompleteness of events, the insufficiency of the source base and its certain secrecy, these publications, of course, could not even in an approximate form comprehensively cover the topic being raised. All of them, without exception, were of a practical descriptive nature, although the assessments contained in them and practical advice are of cognitive and scientific-practical interest.

A broader generalization of the experience of hospital treatment of the wounded began immediately after the end of the war. Despite the still relative narrowness of primary sources, the research of the first post-war decade already represented new approaches to a deeper understanding and g

Burdenko N.N. Soviet military surgery during the Great Patriotic War. M., 1946; Smirnov E.I. Soviet military doctors in the Patriotic War. M., 1945; Rostotsky I.B. Fighter in the hospital. M., 1942; He is. Caring for the wounded. M., 1945.

9 Ivanov P. Political education among the wounded defenders of the motherland. // Propaganda and agitation. 1943. No. 18; Petrenko I.K. Political and educational work in the EG NKZ USSR at a new stage. // Hospital business. 1943. No. 4; and other generalizations of the past, to the role of various factors in achieving the Victory. At the same time, truly scientific developments were significantly constrained by the lack, and even the complete absence of archival materials. Therefore, some works of the post-war decade were characterized by an insufficiently high scientific level of research10. Nevertheless, it was during this period that the main directions of scientific research were outlined and even predetermined, the systematization and logical comprehension of the factual material began. An important role in the scientific understanding of the topic of interest to us was played by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the scientific development and generalization of the experience of Soviet medicine during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", adopted on March 26, 1946. The result of its implementation was a multi-volume study published in 1951-1956. "It reflects the selfless work of Soviet scientists and doctors who were directly involved in the treatment of the wounded and sick in army conditions and in the rear.

Since the mid-1950s, especially after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, there has been not only an intensification of the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War, the scientific level of research has noticeably increased, their topics have expanded, and the source base has become richer. A subsequent increase in interest in the issue under study was observed at the end of the 60s, as evidenced by the appearance of a number of monographs covering the development of Soviet health care in historical and party terms. Separate aspects of the problem of interest to us are reflected in the generalizing works on the history of the CPSU and the Soviet state, the history of its Armed Forces, the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War as a whole, published and

10 Frolov D.F. Saratov regional party organization in the struggle for assistance to wounded soldiers Soviet army during the Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945 Dis. cand. ist. Sciences. Saratov, 1951; Bagdasaryan S.M. Burdenko N.N. M., 1954; Vinogradov N.A. Health care during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. M., 1955. Further: Vinogradov N.A. Decree. op.

11 Experience of Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. TT.1-35. M., 1951-1956. republished in subsequent years 12. These works found a deep substantiation of the importance and necessity of restructuring the entire health care system, the formation of a wide hospital network in the rear areas of the country. In part, the origin of the patronage movement to help the wounded was also traced, its individual forms were considered, especially the patronage of hospitals by cultural workers. So, in the 5th volume of the multi-volume "History of the CPSU" the tasks of the All-Union, Republican, and Regional Committees for Assistance to Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Commanders of the Red Army, created by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks at the beginning of the war, were presented, data characterizing the donor movement . It also contained an analysis of the duties of local party committees to carry out political work in hospitals assigned to them by the Central Committee.

VKP(b). Familiarization with these works helped the author to determine some of the activities of the Soviet government to mobilize the general public to provide assistance to the wounded soldiers of the Red Army and its maintenance. But even in such fundamental works, the most generalizing data on the results achieved by our medicine during the Great Patriotic War were absent.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the interest of researchers in the issues of party leadership in the organization of health care increased significantly, as evidenced by the appearance of monographs covering the development of Soviet health care in historical and party terms. A number of works of similar content were published in subsequent years. Among them, the works of E.I. Smirnov, M.K. Kuzmin, N.G. Ivanov, A.S. Georgievskii, O.S. Lobastov, I.B. Among the original works that revealed

History of the CPSU. In 6 volumes. T.5. Book 1. M., 1970; The Great Patriotic War Soviet Union 1941-1945 Short story. M, 1967; History of the Second World War 1939-1945. In 12 volumes. M., 1973-1982; Soviet rear in the Great Patriotic War. Book. 1-2. M., 1974; Rear of the Soviet Armed Forces in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. M., 1974; History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day. In 12 volumes. T. 10. M., 1973.

13 History of the CPSU. T.5. Book 1. M., 1970.

14 Smirnov E.I. War and military medicine. M., 1979; Kuzmin M.K. Soviet medicine in the organizational and theoretical foundations of military medicine, a special place is occupied by the study edited by A.S. Georgievsky and D.D. Kuvshinovsky "Essays on the history of Soviet military medicine." The main attention in the work is paid to the emergence and further development of military medicine at various stages of development. Soviet state. It reveals the process of formation and improvement of the system and principles of medical support in the years civil war and other military operations. A special place is given to summarizing the experience of the military medical service during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period. The work of Colonel-General of the medical service, Hero of Socialist Labor E.I. Smirnov "War and military medicine" was widely known and recognized. Being a direct participant in the events described and having the most valuable primary sources at his disposal, the author was able to fully reveal the nature and features of the medical support of the Red Army's military operations for the period from 1939 to 1945. The study outlines the modern military field medical doctrine, given scientific rationale maneuvering the forces and means of the medical service in the army, the principle of staged treatment and evacuation of the wounded according to their destination is substantiated. Monograph Smirnov G.I. is not only the author's memoirs, but also a deep generalization of the work of the medical service during the war years. The scientific work of M.K. Kuzmin is devoted to the history of Soviet medicine during the Great Patriotic War. Based on the study of primary sources, the author analyzed and traced the multifaceted activities of civil health care and military medicine in severe wartime conditions. The work shows the role of the CPSU and Soviet government in the restructuring of the Soviet healthcare system for the years of the Great Patriotic War. M., 1979. Further: Kuzmin M.K. Decree. op; Ivanov M.G., Georgievsky A.S., Lobastov O.S. Soviet healthcare and military medicine in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. L., 1985. Further: Ivanov M.G., Georgievsky N.S., Lobastov O.S. Decree. op; Rostotsky I.B. Rear evacuation hospitals, M., 1967. Further: Rostotsky I.B. Decree. op. military manner. The activities of the NKZ of the USSR in organizing organizational, medical, scientific, sanitary and anti-epidemic work are covered. Separate chapters are devoted to the peculiarities of Soviet medicine, the role of the main specialists. For the first time in historiography, the story of the creation and first steps of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was traced. I. B. Rostotsky in his work described the activities of the rear EG, determined the features of medical work in these institutions. Drawing on rich factual material, the author showed the effectiveness of the rear evacuation hospitals, summed up the results of their activities.

An important place was occupied by works on the heroism of doctors in rescuing the wounded on the battlefield, in front-line medical institutions, and, of course, in the rear EG. These are numerous monographs and articles by historians of military medicine, including the already mentioned M.K. Kuzmin, as well as N.A. Vishnevsky, V.P. Gritskevich, F.P. Satrapinsky, I.V. Aleksanyan, M.Sh. Knopov, Ya.M. Yarovinsky, M.B. Mirsky, V.V. Kovanov and others. The authors of these works note that the best health personnel were sent to the hospitals of the army and the rear of the country. These works give a very vivid idea of ​​the current system of medical support of the Red Army, of the principles of the relationship between the military sanitary service bodies, local health authorities and public organizations. Their value also consisted in the fact that they not only summarized the specific experience of Soviet medicine during the war years, but also proved its effectiveness.

Issues of patronage assistance to the wounded were frontally traced in the works of S.G. Mushkin, I.I. Roshchin, A.N. Sinitsin. They showed the concern of the village workers to improve the food supply for the wounded, Kuzmin M.K. Medical Heroes of the Soviet Union. Ed. 2nd. M., 1970; Vishnevsky N.A. Soviet doctors during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. JI., 1990; Gritskevich V.P., Satrapinsky F.V. Military doctors-cavaliers of the Order of Glory of three degrees. JI., 1975; Aleksanyan I.V., Knopov M.Sh. The immortal feat of doctors. //Healthcare Russian Federation. 1995. No. 2; Yarovinsky M.Ya. The contribution of medical workers in Moscow to the victory was revealed by the participation of the entire population in the collection of household equipment for hospitals, the contribution of public organizations to the daily care of the wounded was noted16. It is important to emphasize that in these works an attempt was made to analyze the forms and methods of organizing the patronage movement. First of all, this refers to the monograph by A. M. Sinitsin. Some issues of party leadership of the patronage movement to help hospitals are discussed in a number of publications devoted to the activities of the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War. On the basis of documentary material, the authors show the importance of this patriotic undertaking for the successful operation of hospitals, evaluate the contribution of the population to the struggle for the preservation

17 lives of wounded soldiers. At the same time, it should be noted that they mainly explored the role of patronage organizations in food supply to EGs and providing them with medicinal raw materials. Other forms of patronage movement in these studies have not received proper coverage, although the issue of their diversity is important in the overall assessment of the activities of home front hospitals.

In a number of works, the question of the significance and main directions of party explanatory activity among treated military personnel and hospital medical personnel is considered. The most significant in this regard were the studies of A.P. Berezhnyak18. Author over fascism.//1985. No. 5; Mirsky M. Saved Lives. M., 1971; Kovanov V.V. Soldiers of Immortality. M., 1985; and etc.

16 Mushkin S.G. Nationwide ■ assistance to wounded soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. Tbilisi. 1971. Further: Mushkin S.G. Decree. op; Roshchin I.I. People to the front. M., 1975; Sinitsin A.M. All-People's Aid to the Front. On the patriotic movements of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 1985. Further: Sinitsin A.M. Decree. op.

Soviet rear in the Great Patriotic War. Book 1. M., 1977; The role of the Soviet rear in achieving victory over fascism in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. All-Union Scientific Conference. June 4-6. 1985 Abstracts of scientific communications. M., 1985

Gadaev JI.E. Economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 1985.

Berezhnyak A.P. Party and political work in the hospitals of the Soviet Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War. //VMZH. 1966. No. 5; Berezhnyak A.P. Party and political work in the hospitals of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) Dis. cand. ist. Sciences. L., 1969. Further: Berezhnyak A.P. Decree. op; He is. O revealed the tasks and significance of party-political work in hospitals. Emphasizing general principles party explanatory work in the army and hospitals, at the same time, showed the specifics and features of its implementation among the wounded military personnel and hospital staff. Due to the direction of his work, the author limited the scope of the study to the hospitals of the army in the field. Party and political work in the EG of the rear areas of the country is not considered in its publications. This gap was partly filled by V.I. Razumov, who made an attempt to reveal some forms and methods of political and educational work in the home front EG, showed its specifics19. One can, in general, agree with the author's conclusions about the need to transfer at the beginning of 1942. powers to direct party-political work in the rear EG from military bodies to local committees of the CPSU (b). Concrete examples V.I.Razumov proves the correctness and timeliness of such a decision. At the same time, the author does not evaluate the work of hospital primary party organizations in the practical implementation of the main directions of party political work, although the problem he considers organically includes this issue. In addition, the article by V.I. Razumov mainly analyzes the achievements, and the shortcomings and difficulties faced by the party bodies in carrying out explanatory work in the party hospitals and measures to overcome them are not sufficiently covered.

The problems of the party leadership of nationwide assistance to the wounded were considered in numerous articles published in the scientific press. As a rule, in a generalized way, the authors assessed the activities of the Soviet health care during the war years, showed the contribution of medical workers from the EG to the replenishment of the units of the army with new reserves20. party political work in medical units and institutions during the Great Patriotic War. //VMZH. 1985. No. 4.

19 Razumov V.I. Party and political work in the rear EG during the Great Patriotic War. / From the history of the struggle of the CPSU for the victory of socialism and communism. 4.7. M. 1977.

Georgievsky A.S. The contribution of Soviet health care to the Great Victory. //Soviet health care. 1975. No. 5; Fedorov K.V. Party concern for high performance

The idea was argued that under the leadership of the party and state bodies, medical workers coped with the tasks assigned to them in war time. At the same time, the scientific value of these works is reduced by the lack of analysis of shortcomings and difficulties in healthcare activities during the Great Patriotic War. However, this shortcoming is characteristic of most works on the topic under study published in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Articles by V. Fedorov,

M.A. Vodolagina, S.I. Stepunina, V.I. Razumov. Written in the appropriate aspect, with the involvement of a significant number of new documentary materials, to this day they help to better understand the essence of the policy of restructuring and functioning of health authorities in accordance with real requirements. The authors of these works argued that the restructuring in Soviet health care took place as component transfer of the entire national economy to a military footing. This ensured the timeliness and reliability of the hospital network in the rear areas of the country. Of particular note is the article by M.A. Vodolagin, which provides a brief historiography of the problem. In addition, the author for the first time raised the question of the need for a serious study of the experience of the All-Union and local Committees for Assistance to the Wounded, which worked under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, regional and regional party committees. The scientific analysis of their activities made it possible to comprehensively and critically assess the medical support of the troops during the Great Patriotic War. //VMZH. 1975. No. 5;

Komarov F.I. Soviet military medicine in the Great Patriotic War. //VMZH. 1985.

2; Zhukova J1.A. Activities of the Communist "Party in the leadership of health care during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) // Soviet health care. 1987. No. 7.

Fedotov V. Care of the party and the people about the wounded during the Great Patriotic War. //VMZH. 1977. No. 6; Vodolagin M.A. The party is the organizer of assistance to the wounded - soldiers and commanders of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War. //VIKPSS. 1978. No. 2; Stepunin S.I., Razumov V.I. The vanguard role of the party for the return of the wounded to the ranks (1941-1945). //Health care of the Russian Federation. 1985. No. 5. the role of party committees in directing nationwide assistance to wounded soldiers in the rear of the country.

Valuable materials of articles in thematic journals and collections dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Victory of the USSR and subsequent anniversaries replenished the historiography of the topic in the 80s. They considered the issues of the work of the NHC of the RSFSR, the Red Cross, the organizational aspects of the operation of hospitals, the creation of hospital bases in individual republics and regions, the medical practice of the EG, patronage of wounded soldiers who were treated in them. A significant part of these publications was made on the materials of local archives and reflects the issues of providing assistance to the wounded on the example of individual regions22.

The same years were marked by a number of dissertation research on the organization of nationwide assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers, including the corresponding activities of the Communist Party. The thesis of M.K. Kuzmin, G.A. Chuchelin, A.V. Sveshnikov, V.F. Kudryashov, A.M. Radich, I.Yu.

V.I. Razumova and others. Almost all of them are written on the materials of individual

Soviet healthcare. 198b. No. 5. Thematic collection dedicated to the 40th anniversary

Victories in the Great Patriotic War; Akhmedov A.A., Truman G.L. Sorting evacuation hospitals of the NKZ of the AzUSSR during the Great Patriotic War. //Soviet health care. 1987. No. 2; Grando A.A., Mezhirov J1.C., Krishtopa B.L. Medics in the Great

Patriotic war. //Soviet health care. 1985. No. 9; Artyukhov S.A.

Health care of Tyumen during the Great Patriotic War. //Soviet health care. 1987. No. 1; Venediktov D.D. Soviet Red Cross and health care.

Soviet healthcare. 1987. No. 11; Efimova V.V. Kanasov V.B. Boss assistance to military sanitary institutions Vologda region during the Great Patriotic War. //Soviet health care. 1988. No. 10; Zelenin S.F. Activities of medical scientists in Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War. //Soviet health care. 1988. No. 11; Petrenko E.P., Tomilov V.A. Organization of treatment of the wounded and sick in the evacuation hospitals of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR in the Kuibyshev region during the Great

Patriotic war. //Soviet health care. 1990. No. 8; Vinokurov V.G. Medical work in the evacuation hospitals of the Ulyanovsk region during the Great Patriotic War.//Soviet health care. 1991. No. 7; Ibragimov M.G. Public and patronage assistance of the EG of the Bashkir ASSR during the war years. //Soviet health care. 1988. No. 3; etc. b Kuzmin M.K. The heroism of medical workers and the achievements of Soviet medicine during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Dis. doc. ist. Sciences. M., 1968; Chuchelin

G.A. The activities of the Communist Party to protect the health of the Soviet people in the years

Great Patriotic War. /1941-1945/Kazan, 1974; Sveshnikov A.V.

Healthcare of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Dis. cand. regions. The exception was the dissertations of S.G. Mushkin and V.I. Razumov, in which this problem was studied in the all-Union plan24. In these works, issues of managing the process of creating a hospital network, training medical personnel, organizing a patronage movement, and developing party explanatory work in the EG were covered. At the same time, it should be noted that the dissertation of S.G. Mushkin is built mainly on the materials of the party organizations of the republics of Transcaucasia. Because of this, the work of hospital bases in other regions of the country is only partially disclosed, without a corresponding in-depth analysis and conclusions. The features and specifics of the organization of assistance to the wounded in various regions of the country have not been fully studied: in the deep rear, in the front line, in the liberated areas. Quite thoroughly, various forms of patronage movement to help the wounded are disclosed in the dissertation of E.V. Prikhodko23. In particular, the author analyzed in detail the work of the urban and rural population in equipping the EG with household equipment, supplying them with food and donated blood. One of the paragraphs discusses the process of creating a hospital base on the North East. Sciences. L., 1964. Kudryashov V.F. The Communist Party is the organizer of nationwide assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers during the Great Patriotic War (on the materials of the Leningrad Party Organization). Diss. cand. ist. Sciences. L., 1975; Khudyakova R.A. The Communist Party is the organizer of the nationwide struggle for the health of the soldiers of the Soviet Army in the rear during the Great Patriotic War (on the materials of Tatarstan). Dis. cand. ist. Sciences. Kazan, 1978; Radich A.M. Management of the party organizations of the Urals in restoring the health of the wounded and sick soldiers of the Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War. Diss. cand. ist. Sciences. Sverdlovsk, 1981; Rubtsova I.Yu. The Communist Party is the organizer of nationwide assistance to home front hospitals during the Great Patriotic War / based on the materials of the Kuibyshev, Penza "and Ulyanovsk regions. Dis. Candidate of Historical Sciences. Kuibyshev, 1985; Kochetkova Z.M. The activities of the Communist Party in organizing popular assistance to the wounded in years of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) / Based on the materials of the Moscow and Gorky regions).

24 Mushkin S.G. The Communist Party is the organizer of nationwide assistance to the wounded and sick Soviet soldiers in the years. Great Patriotic War. Dis. cand. ist. Sciences. Tbilisi, 1974; Razumov V.I. The struggle of the Communist Party for the return of the wounded and sick soldiers to the combat formation of the Soviet Armed Forces (1941-1945). Diss. cand. ist. Sciences. M., 1978.

Caucasus in the first months of the war. In addition, the dissertation was written in a general historical, and not a historical-party plan.

But the works of S.I. Linets and Yu.A. Zinko26 presented the greatest interest. S.I. Linets in his dissertation analyzes both achievements and shortcomings in the organization of the hospital base, summarizes the experience of managing the provision of EG with medical personnel, and determines the main forms of mass training of medical personnel. Noteworthy is the author's conclusion that the difficulties in solving the personnel problem were largely caused by an incorrect assessment in the pre-war period of the need for front and rear hospitals in medical workers. Documented, with the involvement of rich factual material, the author confirmed the conclusion that patronage of the local population has become an important factor in strengthening the material and technical base of hospitals. Analyzing the most important directions activities of party organizations to improve the quality of treatment of the wounded in the EG, the researcher confirmed the correctness of the decision of the central and local party organizations to transfer the functions of managing the rear hospital network to civilian health authorities. At the same time, the author rightly noted that it was not possible to completely overcome the duality in the management of the rear EG, which had a negative impact on the effectiveness of their activities. In the dissertation Zinko Yu.A. for the first time, in a generalized form, an attempt was made to highlight the activities of the party underground of Ukraine in rescuing the wounded in the territories occupied by the enemy.

25 Prikhodko E.V. National care for the wounded Soviet soldiers and families of the defenders of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War (on the materials of the North Caucasus). Dis. cand. ist. Sciences. Krasnodar, 1981.

Linets S.I. The Communist Party is the organizer of nationwide assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. (Based on the materials of party organizations Rostov region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories). Rostov-on-Don, 1988; Zinko Yu.A. The Communist Party is the organizer of the party movement of the working people of Ukraine for helping the wounded soldiers of the Red Army. Kyiv, 1990.

A brief analysis of dissertation research confirms the high interest of researchers in various aspects of the topic of interest to us. Some of them reflected the organizational and theoretical principles of civil and military healthcare, others outlined the experience of Soviet medicine during the war, others clarified the role of the main military specialists and revealed the features of military medicine, and the fourth reflected new pages of national heroism. They are made at a high analytical level, with a large amount of factual material, capaciously revealing the restructuring of the work of health authorities in connection with the outbreak of war, the training and deployment of medical personnel, the experience of organizing nationwide assistance to wounded and sick soldiers and invalids of the Patriotic War, and the implementation of cultural and educational work among them. However, all the mentioned and other similar studies were written on the materials of many, more often individual regions. Therefore, the experience of relevant work in the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions did not find a targeted reflection in them. And this activity was multifaceted and quite productive. Therefore, in local historiography, the issues of interest to us were only partially reflected in general monographs devoted to various aspects of the history of the Upper Volga region during the war years27. Essays on the history of party organizations give generalized assessments of their activities in mobilizing home front workers to provide comprehensive assistance to the wounded, highlight the contribution of patronage organizations to improving the food supply of military medical institutions, evaluate the role of donor

28 movements. Significant contribution to the study of various issues of the military

Heroes of the fiery years. Essays on the heroes of the Soviet Union - Yaroslavl. Ed. 2nd. Yaroslavl, 1974; Leningraders on the banks of the Volga. Yaroslavl, 1972; Malinina P.A. Volga winds. 2nd ed. add. M., 1978; Sidorov I.I. Workers of the Yaroslavl region during the Great Patriotic War. Yaroslavl, 1958.

28 Party organizations of Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions during the Great Patriotic War. Ivanovo, 1968; Essays on the history of the Kostroma organization of the CPSU. Yaroslavl, 1967; Essays on the history of the Yaroslavl organization of the CPSU. Yaroslavl, 1967; Essays on the history of the Yaroslavl organization of the CPSU. 1938-1965 / scientific ed. V.T.Aniskov. Yaroslavl. 1990. Next: Essays on the history of the Yaroslavl organization of the CPSU. health care were introduced by the researchers of the Upper Volga region. From 1968 to 1974 Ivanovo State pedagogical institute named after D.A. Furmanov (since 1974 - Ivanovsky state university) 8 thematic collections of articles "Party organizations of the Upper Volga during the Great Patriotic War"29 were published. No less interesting factual material is contained in monographs on the history of

Yaroslavl region. But the works of V.I. Belyaev and M.A. Derzhavets are even more thematically oriented, although the subjects of interest to us are presented in them fragmentarily and fragmentarily.31 All these publications undoubtedly deserve a positive assessment. However, due to their specificity, the problem of interest to us was considered here only in passing. As for the activities of evacuation hospitals, its coverage was mainly limited to the deployment of hospitals in the first days of the war and the assistance of the population to wounded soldiers. The problem of the formation and functioning of a wide network of hospitals throughout the war years remains poorly understood.

The publications of the milestone 8 (GH-9SH) did not make radical changes either. Moreover, interest in the problems of the Great Patriotic War even weakened somewhat. This was due to a change in the country's political course. Under the conditions of "perestroika", the activities of the Communist Party then the entire Soviet state. This was not long in affecting scientific research, especially publishing. Not only monographs, but also articles on the organization of assistance to the wounded have practically ceased to be published. It is noteworthy that during that period, covering more than 10 years, not a single dissertation on this topic, despite the need

Party organizations of the Upper Volga during the Great Patriotic War. Digest of articles. 8 Issue. Ivanovo, 1968-1974.

Konoshev K.V. Tutaev; Historical outline. Yaroslavl, 1989; Yaroslavl region for 60 years. Yaroslavl, 1977.

And Belyaev V.I. Public health of Yaroslavl in the past and present. Yaroslavl, 1967; Derzhavets M.A. Health care of the Yaroslavl region for 30 years. Yaroslavl, 1947. Further: a comprehensive, objective, comprehensive study based on all the data available to scientists.

A certain shift has been outlined since the mid-1990s, when the study of the problems of the history of the Great Patriotic War again began to gain increased attention. In 1995 and 2000, in connection with anniversaries, in many scientific and training centers a number of regional, Russian and international conferences on the problems of war took place. The materials of their numerous reports and communications were published in the form of expanded numerous collections and aroused considerable interest32. The same period was marked by new publications on the problems of the country's readiness for war, the human and material losses of the USSR and Germany33, the collective farm peasantry during the war34.

Derzhavets M.A. Decree. op.

32 Topical issues of the history of the Great Patriotic War. Materials 15

All-Russian Correspondence Scientific Conference. / Scientific. ed. Poltorak S.N. St. Petersburg, 1999; The Great Patriotic War in the assessment of the young: Sat. articles of students, graduate students, young scientists. M., 1997; The Great Patriotic War: Victory Factors, Historical Lessons. Abstracts of reports and reports at the interuniversity scientific seminar April 27, 2000. Ufa, 2000; Great feat. To the 55th anniversary of the Victory. Abstracts of the Vseros. scientific-practical conference April 26-27, 2000 / Ed. V.D. Polkanova et al. Omsk, 2000; Military feat of the defenders of the Fatherland: Traditions, continuity, innovations. Materials of the interregional scientific-practical conference. In 4 parts. Ch.Z. Vologda, 2000; 50 years Great Victory: History, people, problems. Materials of the regional scientific and historical conference (April 20-21, 1995) St. Petersburg, 1995; 50 years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Pages of history and modernity. Materials of the scientific-theoretical conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. / Scientific. ed. G.A. Kumanev. M., 1996.

The Great Patriotic War in documents and testimonies of contemporaries. /Under. ed. V.P. Pakhomov, 2nd ed. add. Samara, 2000; The Great Patriotic War; truth and fiction. Sat. articles. / Ed. N.D. Kolesova, St. Petersburg, 2000; The Great Patriotic War. In 2 vols. M., 1993; Petrov V.V. The role of patriotism in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. //Regional policy, economics, sociology. 1999. No. 3; Pokhilyuk A.V. War, power, people: (Activities of state and military bodies to protect and ensure the livelihoods of the population of the front-line and liberated regions of the North-West of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. St. Petersburg, 1998; Logistics of the Armed Forces in documents: the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 2000; Lessons of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: historical and philosophical problems. Collection of scientific materials. Krasnoyarsk, 2000; Gurkin V.V. Human losses of the Soviet Armed Forces in 1941-1945. New aspects. // VIZH. 1999. No. 2 Isupov V. A. Human losses of the USSR in 1941-1945: the historiography of the issue.//Humanities in Siberia. Series: National history. Novosibirsk, 1995. No. 1; Rybakovsky L.L. Russia's casualties in the war of 1941 The topic of medical support for the Red Army was touched upon in a number of regional works on assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers. They contain rich material gleaned from local archives, the analysis of which reflects both the general directions of assistance to the wounded in the hospitals of the country, and its features.

It is also necessary to note the articles and memoirs of doctors about the Great Patriotic War, published in collections dedicated to the 50th and 55th anniversary of the Victory^6. They talk about the contribution of teachers of higher medical educational institutions(VMA, IGMA and YAGMA) in the organization of assistance to health authorities and medical institutions. It also presents materials on the activities of individual hospitals, analyzes the state of medicine in the region and the country as a whole, and highlights the activities of medical workers during wartime37. Look specific

1945 M., 2000; Sokolov B. Human losses in Russia and the USSR in wars and armed conflicts of the XX century. // Facets. 1997. No. 183. j4 Aniskov V.G. War and the fate of the Russian peasantry. Vologda; Yaroslavl, 1998.

35 Alekseev I.A. Doctors of Chuvashia during the war. Cheboksary. 1994; Aleksanyan I.V., Knopov

M.Sh. Heads of the medical service of the fronts and fleets in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 1992; Ananyeva E.S. Medical institutions of Dagestan during the Great Patriotic War. //Years of severe trials and national feat. Makhachkala, 1995; Astapova L.I. Medical evacuation of wounded and sick soldiers of the Voronezh Front (July 1942 - October 1943). // Actual problems social and humanitarian sciences. Voronezh, 1996. issue 6; Astapova L.I. Courage and heroism of military doctors during the Great Patriotic War. // There. Issue 7. 1996; Biryukova S.B. The work of the Eg of Mordovia in 1941-1945// Bulletin of the Mordovian University. Saransk, 1995. No. 4; Gladkikh P.F. Medical service of the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 / History of construction. St. Petersburg, 1995; Lobastov O.S. The experience of medical support for troops in the Great Patriotic War: its assessment and significance 55 years after the Great Victory//VMZH. 2000. T.321. Number 3; Ponomarenko V.M. The role of hospital bases in the frontline districts in the medical and evacuation support of troops in defensive battles in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.//Bulletin of the history of military medicine. SPb. 1998. Issue 2; Sviridova L.E. The work of the rear egs in Northern Kazakhstan is an example of successful international cooperation. //Problems of social hygiene and the history of medicine. 1995. No. 5; Semenova I.Yu. Health care of the Upper Volga region during the Great Patriotic War. //Problems of social hygiene and the history of medicine. M., 1994. No. 5; Sudorshn N.S. Hospital care during the war years in the Lower Volga region. //Problems of political science and political history. Saratov, 1993. Issue 2; etc. ^ 50 years of the Great Victory. Materials of the scientific-historical conference of YAGMA April 26, 1995. Yaroslavl, 1995.

37 Bedrin L.M. Military medicine during the Great Patriotic War.//50 years of the Great Victory; Aleksandrov S.E. They fought for life and health. Employees of the department of publications devoted to the treatment in hospitals of German prisoners of war38. They reveal the genuine humanism of Soviet doctors and nurses, who, according to the Hippocratic Oath, provided urgent and constant assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht.

One-sidedness increasingly gave way to apparent polarization in methodological approaches. The organization of a number of public scientific structures, which consolidated the corresponding efforts of scientists, was of great importance in the activation of objective research. In this regard, obstetrics and gynecology during the Great Patriotic War.//Ibid. Petrenko T.F. Neidorf Avrelia Yanovna - a participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic War.//Ibid. Trokhanov Yu.P. Yaroslavl medicine in the Great Patriotic War.//Ibid. Eregina N.T. Medical institutions of the Yaroslavl region during the Great Patriotic War.//Ibid. Gadyuchkin V.V. Yaroslavl garrison military hospital is 125 years old.//Ibid.

Baranova N.V. Soviet medicine and German prisoners of war (1944-1949).//Bulletin of the Upper Volga Branch of the Academy of Military Historical Sciences: Proceedings of a scientific conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the Great Victory. Yaroslavl, 2000; Erin M.E. A captured enemy is no longer an enemy. //Golden ring. 1994. April 12. we should, for example, mention the formation of the All-Russian Military Historical Academy with its center in St. Petersburg and its branches in a number of regions of the Russian Federation, including the Upper Volga region, which have already declared themselves by many scientific conferences, good-quality patriotic publications on the history of the Great Patriotic War wars. But this, it must be assumed, is only an active beginning, which can lead to even more significant achievements, including in the range of issues considered by the author of this work.

An analysis of the available literature indicates that individual plots of the topic of interest to us have been studied quite actively. However, so far there is no comprehensive study on the activities of hospitals in the rear of the country. Most of the works of the 60-80s were made in the historical and party aspect and are devoted to the activities of the Communist Party in restructuring health care on a military basis, creating a hospital base, organizing patronage and providing material assistance to hospitals, and organizing party political work. Moreover, in the separate chapters of monographs, articles and dissertations we have listed, the main attention, as a rule, is paid to the analysis of the activities of the party in organizing the work of hospitals, and much less to the daily activities of the EGs themselves. There are no special studies on mass cultural work in hospitals. This fully applies to scientific analysis experience of hospitals in the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions. Until now, there is no special generalizing work on the topic under consideration. This gap is obvious, because during the Great Patriotic War, the region under study had one of the largest rear hospital bases in the country, which was distinguished by high final rates in the treatment of the wounded. Despite the importance and relevance of this topic, it has not yet been the subject of a special study. Thus, in our opinion, the creation scientific history The Great Patriotic War is unthinkable without coverage of the work of medical institutions, showing the labor and combat feat of medical workers. Given the above circumstances, the chosen topic is of considerable scientific interest.

The purpose of this study is a comprehensive study of the multifaceted activities of hospitals in the rear of the country, and its significance in the medical support of the Red Army. It seems necessary to consider the activities of the party-state bodies and the public, which allowed hospitals to carry out efficient work. On the basis of scientific and historical methods and approaches, an attempt was made to use almost all available sources, to comprehend scientific, journalistic literature and periodicals about all aspects of their work. This predetermined the following tasks:

To trace the progress of the restructuring of the military sanitary service of the Red Army and local health authorities in relation to the requirements of the war.

To reveal the real role of party and state bodies in restructuring public health, creating a hospital base for the country's rear, in resolving the most important problems caused by the war, providing hospitals with material and personnel resources.

Highlight the main stages in the creation of a rear hospital base.

Consider the existing system of treating the wounded and returning them to combat formation.

To characterize the main directions of medical-evacuation and scientific-practical work of hospitals

To show that the involvement of the broad masses of the entire population and public organizations in providing assistance to hospitals has become a non-alternative for the successful treatment of wounded soldiers, a powerful factor in achieving victory in the war.

Analyze various forms of patronage.

On the example of the region under consideration, to identify the features of work on the restructuring of healthcare, solving the problems of evacuating hospitals.

Show the general and special in the organization of nationwide assistance to the wounded.

To reveal the specifics of the hospital network of the region under study

To reveal the practical value of the experience accumulated by hospitals.

The chronological framework of the study covers the entire period of the Great Patriotic War (June 1941 - May 1945). It was at this fateful time that a radical improvement in the structure of the military medical service of the Red Army took place, the most valuable scientific achievements military medicine itself, as well as new principles and methods of treating the wounded, designed for their maximum return to duty.

The territorial framework of the dissertation work includes the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions. It is important to note that the second of them was formed on August 14, 1944. from the districts of the same Yaroslavl, as well as

Gorky and Vologda regions. The choice of the region is explained by the very important and even indicative role that the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions played in the treatment of wounded soldiers, largely due to their strategic location. The compact presence of a large number of large industrial and social centers, such as Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, and developed agricultural production, created good opportunities for locating a huge network of hospitals here and providing them with the necessary assistance. The excellent geographical position of the region in direct territorial proximity to Moscow, Leningrad, to the entire Volga region and the northern theater of military operations, connected by all modes of transport with access to the Cis-Urals - all this led to the creation in the Upper Volga region of a very wide hospital periphery, its rapid and complete occupancy, maximum mobility both in the formation and in the mobility of the contingent of the wounded. And as a result, it allowed to have high rates in medical and rehabilitation work. The foregoing, especially in the absence of j9 Collection of laws of the USSR and decrees of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1938-1975 In 4 years. M., 1975. T.1 S.91-92. relevant generalizing studies on the materials of the Upper Volga region, served as an important argument in favor of choosing the proposed topic.

The methodological basis of the dissertation was formed by the principles of historicism and objectivity, which acquired a "second wind", which seemed to be of enduring importance, implying an unbiased selection and analysis of facts analyzed by specific historical situations. For a long time, almost the only methodological basis for the study of the entire spectrum historical works domestic scientists, including the problems of the war years, were the works of K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin. Their conclusions about just and aggressive wars, about the defense of the socialist Fatherland, about the inseparable unity of the army and the people, about people's patriotism, were not questioned and corrected, and therefore often dogmatized. Nevertheless, to this day, the work of V.I. Lenin has not lost its significance, which had as its goal the involvement of all segments of the population in the organization of medical and welfare support for wounded Red Army soldiers. He emphasized that it was impossible to make a country capable of defense without the greatest heroism of the masses, that the one who had more reserves and sources of strength among the people would win the war. Lenin considered the reliable work of the rear one of the determining conditions for the successful conduct of the war against the invaders. "For a real war," he noted, "a strong organized rear is needed"41. Substantiating the exceptional role of the strong unity of the front and rear, he noted that the assistance that is provided in the rear to the wounded Red Army immediately turns into strengthening the entire Red Army. Therefore, V.I. Lenin emphasized the enduring importance for the successful completion of the war of nationwide assistance to the wounded and sick Red Army soldiers. In the article-call "To help a wounded Red Army soldier!" He noted that "all the difficulties and torments are nothing compared to what befell the wounded Red Army soldier who shed blood to protect the workers and

40 Lenin V.I. The results of the party week in Moscow and our tasks.//PSS. T.39. P.237.

41 Lenin V.I. On business grounds.//PSS. T.35. P.408. peasant power. Let everyone in the rear remember their duty to help

42 with everything possible, to the wounded Red Army soldiers ". It is difficult to disagree with such initial assumptions and judgments: they are an axiom, which, of course, the author also considered. But he did not close all approaches to the analysis of the topic under study on them, but at the same time tried to rely on the entire set he has mastered, again in moderation, of complex methodological principles and research and methodological techniques.The author's approach to the analysis of available documents and literature is also characterized by complexity. This made it possible, as noted above, to better identify how general patterns in the activities of hospitals, and their features inherent this region. In this regard, for the processing of numerous quantitative data, it was necessary to involve the method of mathematical and statistical analysis.

In preparing the dissertation research, an extensive complex of unpublished and published sources was used. Most of the specific archival materials are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The main group of sources that served as the basis for analyzing the activities of hospitals were archival documents. In total, we studied the documents of 6 central and local archives. Among the unpublished documents, first of all, should be attributed archival materials from the collections of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF), the State Archives of the Kostroma Region (GAKO), the State Archives of the Yaroslavl Region (GAYAO), the Archive of Military Medical Documents of the Military Medical Museum of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (AVMM MORF), the State Archives of the Recent History of Kostroma

42 Lenin V.I. To help the wounded Red Army soldiers. //PSS. T.41. P.156. region (GANI KO), the Center for Documentation of Recent History of the Yaroslavl Region (ODNI YAO)43.

A unique collection of documents is kept by the AVMM of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The fund of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army (GVSU KA) contains orders and directive resolutions on the creation and functioning of the country's hospitals. Of no less interest are those funds that contain documents on the history of individual evacuation points (EP) and evacuation hospitals. A variety of information on the management of hospitals is contained in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). In the fund of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR, for example, numerous resolutions and orders of this people's commissariat, minutes of meetings of the Academic Medical Council (UMC) are stored. Numerous materials on the development of new methods of treatment are also presented here. Documents characterizing the activities of the Department of Evacuation Hospitals have been deposited in the fund of the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR. These are all sorts of orders, reports of hospitals, minutes of meetings of the heads of hospitals.

In turn, the materials of the central archives significantly complement the documents of the regional State archives. In the fund of the executive committee of the Yaroslavl Regional Council of Deputies, the resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the RSFSR on the activities of the EG are of particular interest. Of great interest is the fund of the Yaroslavl Regional Department of Health. It contains a large systematized material on the deployment, formation of hospitals, instructive material on the organization of work in evacuation hospitals, on the timing of the treatment of the wounded, on the use of new methods of treating certain types of injuries and diseases. Of no less interest is the Foundation of the Society

43 GARF. F.R-8009, R-5465, A-482; GAKO. F.R-7; GAYAO. F.R-2380, R-2228, R-385, R-2249, R-2193, R-1269, R-2540, R-2434, R-2351, R-839; AVMMMO RF. F.1; 1846; 1222, 1644, 2179, 7090; GANI CO. F.R-2, 765; ONE NAO. F.272, 273, 263, 1749, 1621, 6032, 5997, 5650, 5973, 1904, 1611, 1728, 1727, 2316, 2317, 5998.

Red Cross and Red Crescent. Here are documents reflecting the activities of the hospital assistance organization. It was these data that allowed the author to more fully illuminate the numerous problems of hospital activity.

A special niche is occupied by the documents of the Documentation Centers of Contemporary History. Their funds contain numerous materials characterizing patronage assistance to hospitals, cultural and political explanatory work carried out in them. In writing the dissertation, the author widely used the decisions of the bureau of regional committees, city committees and district committees of the CPSU (b) on the organization of public assistance to hospitals, as well as the minutes of meetings of the regional committees for helping the wounded, reports, memos of hospitals. Separate annual reports of the EG for all the years of the war are stored in the materials of the military departments of the regional committees of the CPSU (b). Along with a large amount of factual material, summarizing references and tables, these sources provide rich information about in-hospital life. And finally, unique information is in the funds of the primary party organizations of evacuation hospitals. First of all, they provide an opportunity to trace the real picture of the life of each individual hospital. In total, documents from 590 cases from 41 funds were used in the preparation of the dissertation research, which made it possible to get a fairly complete picture of the main areas of activity of hospitals.

But the fundamental documents for the study were, of course, the resolutions of the Soviet government, the State Defense Committee and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: "To the Party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions" - the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 194144, "On improving medical service of wounded soldiers and commanders of the Red Army" - GKO resolution of 09/22/1941 No. , "On the organization of the All-Union Committee for the Service of the Wounded and Sick Soldiers of the Red Army" - resolution

44 of the CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. 9th edition, supplemented and corrected. M., 1985. T.7. pp.222-223.

Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated 08.10.194146, "On party-political work in the hospitals of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR - decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 12.01.194247, "On cultural and educational work in hospitals" - decision of the Central Committee All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated February 17, 1945. They were the guiding and directive decisions in the entire process of formation and operation of hospitals.

A separate group of sources is made up of numerous instructions, manuals on the organization of work and practical medical activities in evacuation hospitals. They contain recommendations on the methods of surgical treatment of the wounded, the organization of sanitary work in evacuation hospitals, recommendations on the timing of the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers, and their rehabilitation50. An equally valuable source is the materials of the plenums of the Hospital Council of the NHC of the USSR and the RSFSR, the Academic Medical Council, the works of individual evacuation hospitals, which contain pristine

45 Soviet health care. 1975. No. 5. S.Z.

46 The Communist Party in the Great Patriotic War (June 1941-1945): Documents and materials. M., 1970. P.58.

47 CPSU on the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union: Documents 1917-1968. M., 1969. S.Z 13.

48 Questions of the History of the CPSU. 1984. No. 11. pp.14-15.

49 of the CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. 8th edition, enlarged. M., 197-1. T.6. 1941-1954

50 Zavalishin N.I. Head field evacuation point. / Ed. E.I. Smirnova. M., 1942; Instructions on methods of surgical treatment in rear hospitals. / Ed. E.I. Smirnova and N.N. Burdenko. M., L., 1941; Treatment of lightly wounded: Materials of the meeting of the surgical section of the Academic Medical Council under the head of the KVSU KA on May 2-5, 1943. / Ed. V.V. Gorinevskaya. M., 1946; Treatment of war wounds: Practical guide for doctors and students. Ed. 6th. / Under the editorship of N.N. Petrov and P.A. Kupriyanov. L., 1942. Guidelines for the organization of work in evacuation hospitals. M., L., 1941; Collection of instructive materials on the work of evacuation hospitals. 10 Issue. Kazan, 1942-1943; Collection of provisions on the institutions of the sanitary service of wartime. M., 1941; Collection of orders and instructions of the NKZ of the USSR. M., L., 1941-1945; Tretyakov A.F. Terms of treatment of the wounded in evacuation hospitals. M., 1944; Guidelines for military field surgery. 3rd edition. M., 1944. Factual material about hospitals, medical personnel, the specifics of work in medical institutions5.

A number of thematic documentary collections and, above all, the collection of documents and materials "Healthcare during the war years"52 also became an important help. It includes the relevant most important decrees and directives of the Soviet government and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks on health and military medicine, extracts from archival documents, excerpts from magazine and newspaper articles on the work of hospitals, the Red Cross Society, the heroic service of medical workers, donation and selflessness civil health care.

Local history documentary collections devoted to the period of the Great Patriotic War are similar in nature of the displayed. They respectively contain numerous documents of regional, district and primary party organizations^3. All of them give vivid information about the assistance of the population to wounded soldiers. special attention deserve the multi-volume editions of the "Book of Memory" published everywhere on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Victory. In addition to the lists of dead soldiers, they provide complete information about the location of hospitals operating on the territory of a particular

51 Proceedings of the XXV All-Union Congress of Surgeons, October 1-8, 1946. M., 1948; Proceedings of the 1st Plenum of the Hospital Council of the NHC of the USSR and the RSFSR. M., 1942; Proceedings of the 5th Plenum of the Scientific Medical Council under the head of the GVSU KA. M., 1942; Proceedings of the 4th Plenum of the Hospital Council of the NHC of the USSR and the RSFSR, December 27-30, 1943. Gorky, 1944; Proceedings of the Academic Medical Council under the head of the Medical and Sanitary Directorate of the USSR Navy. M., L., 1946. T. 14. Issue. fifteen; Works of evacuation hospitals REP-27. Lvov. Sat.1. 1944; Sat.2. 1945; Sat.Z. 1946; Works of evacuation hospitals of the REP-50 system. L., 1943. e2 Health care during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Sat. documents and materials. /Under. ed. M.I. Barsukov and D.D. Kuvshinsky. M., 1977. Next: Health care during the Great Patriotic War.

Rybinsk: documents and materials on the history of the city. 2nd edition. Yaroslavl. 1980; Relay race of generations: Collection of documents named after materials. Yaroslavl. 1980; Yaroslavl organization of the Komsomol in documents and materials (1918-1987). Yaroslavl, 1988. Next: Yaroslavl organization of the Komsomol; Yaroslavl region in documents and materials (1917-1978). Yaroslavl. 1980. Next: Yaroslavl Territory.; Yaroslavl during the Great Patriotic War. Sat. documents. Yaroslavl, 1960. Next: Yaroslavl during the Great Patriotic War; Yaroslavl region for 50 years: 1936-1986. / Essays, documents and materials. Redcall. G.I. Kalinin; scientific ed. and resp. comp. V.T.Aniskov. Yaroslavl, 1986. Further: Yaroslavl region for 50 years; In the formidable 41st. Sat. doc. and mother. June 22-December 31. 1941 (To the 60th anniversary of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945). Kostroma, 2001. regions54. In this regard, it is necessary to mention regional statistical publications of a general nature, which very representatively reflect the state of health care during the war years53.

A special group of sources is the periodical press of the war years - central and local. The materials published on its pages represent a large factual material about the organization of the patriotic movement to provide assistance to wounded soldiers. First of all, these are the materials of the Pravda newspaper, on the pages of which in those years more than 110 articles and messages were published that were directly related to the issues of providing assistance to wounded soldiers and improving the work of hospital institutions36. In the periodicals of the studied region (including the factory press), the improvement of hospital and patronage work, as well as the promotion of donation and health care knowledge, were also given permanent attention37.

The author also widely used the memoirs of the medical workers themselves, which very subjectively reflect the specific aspects of the medical support of the Red Army, including the work of field and evacuation hospitals. Of particular interest are

54 Everlasting memory: a brief history and lists of buried servicemen of the period of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. in Yaroslavl. Yaroslavl, 1995; Memory book. /Redcol. Khryashchev V.N., Olovyanov Yu.V. Yaroslavl, 1997; Book of memory of the Russian Federation. Kostroma region. In 7 vols. /Comp. E.L. Lebedev, V.L. Milovidov, V.A. Tupichenkov. Yaroslavl, 1997. V.2.

City of Yaroslavl in numbers. Statistical materials. Yaroslavl, 1985; Demographic processes in the Yaroslavl region for 60 years (1936-1995). Analytical and statistical collection. Yaroslavl, 1996; Kostroma regional organization of the CPSU in numbers. 1917-1979 Yaroslavl, 1981;. The national economy of the RSFSR for 60 years. Statistical Yearbook. M., 1977; The national economy of the Yaroslavl region. Statistical collection. Yaroslavl, 1976.

56 Stepunin S.I., Razumov V.I. Issues of organizing assistance to the wounded soldiers of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War on the pages of the Pravda newspaper.//Soviet health care. 1984. No. 6. P.67.

57 "Pravda" (1941-1945) - Organ of the Central Committee and MK of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "; "Everything for the Front" (1944-1945) - press organ of the Machine-Building Plant; "Avtomobilist" (January-December 1941), then "For the Victory" (1942 - May 24, 1945) - press organ of the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant. e8 Vishnevsky A. A. Diary of a surgeon. M. 1967; Miterev G. A. In the days of peace and war. M., 1975. Further: Miterev G. A. Decree op., Smirnov E. I. Front-line mercy. M., 1991; Almanac of memories of military veterans: on the occasion of the 55th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Collection No. 17. St. Petersburg, 2000. Doctors in front-line overcoats Memoirs of graduates memoirs and unpublished scientific works of the head of EG 1401, Major of the Medical Service Yevsey Kupriyanovich Alexandrov, which are stored in the personal archive of his son, Sergey Evseevich Alexandrov, professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Yaroslavl State Medical Academy. These recordings, made without regard to censorship, allow a fuller and more reliable presentation everyday life hospital throughout the war years. Significant assistance in the preparation of the study was also provided by personal conversations with now living former medical workers of hospitals and war veterans. Of considerable interest are the memoirs of Soviet military commanders59. They contain the highest assessments of the unique contribution of doctors to the care of wounded soldiers, without which victory would have been impossible. A separate group of sources is made up of visual sources: photographs showing the material and household equipment of hospitals, as well as the activities of medical, cultural and educational work in the EG.

Comprehensive integrated use of all the documents at our disposal made it possible to solve the tasks set in the study. For the first time in the Upper Volga local history, based on the analysis and comparison of a wide range of sources, a comprehensive study of the activities of hospitals in the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions was undertaken. This paper gives a holistic view of issues that have not yet found proper coverage in the published historical literature (medical and evacuation activities of the EG, donor movement, assistance from the OCC, etc.). The author sought to identify not only positive experience, but also those difficulties, and even mistakes and failures that had a negative impact on practical work EG. The main results of the dissertation research submitted by the author for defense are reduced to justification:

IGMI about the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Ivanovo, 1995; Smolnikov A.V. Doctor at war. JL, 1972.

59 Konev I.S. Notes of the front commander 1943-1945. M., 1982; Rokossovsky K.K. Soldier duty. M., 1968; Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections. M., 1974.

The tragic consequences of miscalculations and mistakes of the country's leadership in assessing the future war, which had a negative impact on the preparation for military-sanitary defense;

The significance of the training of military reserves by the military medical service for the sanitary support of the army in the field;

The role of state and party bodies of the country, as well as the entire population in resolving difficulties in the work of hospitals;

The significance of the patriotic movement of workers to help the wounded soldiers of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War;

The thesis that the patronage of labor collectives over hospitals was an effective factor in increasing public concern for the wounded.

In addition, the author singled out 3 stages in the formation of the hospital base in different periods of the war, specified the number of hospitals and the capacity of the bed network in the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, and showed its specifics. At the same time, the dissertation concluded that the insufficient capacity and readiness of the rear hospital network for the mass reception and treatment of the wounded was due to an incorrect assessment by the Soviet leadership of the scale and nature of the future war. Difficulties were also noted in the formation and operation of a wide network of EGs, the existing bias in the tasks of the central party and state bodies in terms of the number of EGs and the timing of their commissioning in relation to local capabilities and resources.

The novelty of the dissertation research also lies in the fact that for the first time many archival documents on the activities of both central and local health authorities are introduced into scientific circulation. First of all, our generalizations, conclusions, and independent calculations are based on them.

Conclusion of scientific work thesis on "Hospitals during the Great Patriotic War"

Conclusion

From the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet state, in extremely difficult conditions, had to quickly transfer the entire national economy to serve the front. At the same time, there was an urgent restructuring of the country's health care for the needs of the war. A huge number of wounded Red Army soldiers needed urgent qualified medical care. During past wars, the treatment of the wounded in the rear was mainly taken care of by public organizations, in particular, the Red Cross. In the Great Patriotic War, the state took over the treatment of the wounded.

And yet, work on the creation of a hospital base was very tense. For the deployment and equipment of an unprecedented number of hospitals that have been required since the beginning of the war, there were not enough allocated premises and buildings for medical institutions. Therefore, in the shortest possible time, the premises of schools, clubs, and pioneer camps had to be converted into hospitals. But the deployment of hospitals was only one side of the problem. Their success was directly dependent on the state material base. Therefore, difficulties arose here from the first months of the war. The bare necessities were lacking: medicines, dressings, fuel, transport, uniforms. To resolve the situation, it was decided to mobilize party bodies, the Committee for Assistance to the Wounded, local economic and patronage organizations, as well as the entire population of the country to help hospitals. Throughout the war years, one of the priorities was the task of providing evacuation hospitals with medical personnel. The situation in them often depended on the profile of the hospital, its location. In the best position were therapeutic, in the worst - surgical, since the shortage of surgeons throughout the war years was felt most acutely. Hospitals located in major cities

Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Rybinsk did not experience such an acute shortage of personnel in comparison with those that were stationed in separate rural areas. The way out of the difficult situation was the purposeful activity of the department of evacuation hospitals at the Yaroslavl Regional Health Department in organizing and conducting advanced training courses to train surgeons, as well as train nurses. The functioning of hospital bases in the rear of individual territories and regions of the country was different. It was determined geographic location this or that area, as well as the nature of hostilities and proximity to the front. In addition, the number of hospitals, their specialization, as well as the number of wounded and sick received was not the same and depended on the operational-strategic situation developing on the fronts. In the activities of the hospital network and the formation of hospitals in the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, the following stages can be distinguished:

1. 1941 - September 1942 The territory of the Yaroslavl region was in the front line. During this period, there was an active formation of hospitals and an increase in their bed capacity. This was due to the fact that the wounded came to the region in a continuous stream.

2. October 1942 - 1944 During this period, there was an unreasonable decrease in bed capacity, the disbandment of hospitals, and then their additional formation. Also during this period, there was an active intra-regional and inter-regional relocation of hospitals.

3. 1944 - May 1945 Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions were a deep rear. Therefore, at this stage, there was a gradual decrease in the bed capacity of hospitals and their disbandment.

The number of wounded and sick during the war years was in the millions. The medical service, which returned soldiers to service, became the main supplier of reserves for the army in the field. Therefore, all the scientific achievements of military medicine, the experience of previous wars were the basis for the creation effective system treatment. A unity of views was established on the origin, course and treatment of pathological processes, which made it possible to carry out successive treatment at all stages of evacuation according to uniform scientifically based and acceptable methods. Rear hospitals were supplied with instructions that reflected the basic principles of complex therapy for the wounded and sick. A special role in the organization of surgical care in the rear EG, in the development of research work to find new methods and means of treating the wounded and sick was played by the Hospital Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR and the EMC at the GVSU KA. The medical work of hospitals was under the constant control and attention of the government, central and local health authorities, party organs, the military sanitary departments of the Red Army and the press.

In the treatment of the wounded, not all rear areas were equal, since military operations at the front determined the conditions for the operation of hospital bases. So, until the first half of 1943. The EG of the Yaroslavl region were considered hospitals of the 1st echelon of the front, in the second half of 1943. -2 echelon of the front, and since 1944. the hospitals of the studied region became hospitals for the deep rear. In the medical work of hospitals in the region under study, several periods can be distinguished:

It should be noted that this periodization is also valid for the activities of hospitals located in the regions of the European part of the RSFSR as a whole. In the initial period, hospitals experienced numerous difficulties in material and technical equipment. In addition, there were practically no qualified experienced personnel in the hospitals in the rear of the country. All these difficulties, of course, adversely affected the activities of hospitals. Due to the fact that the region was front-line, the hospitals had a high percentage of evacuation of the wounded to the rear and, accordingly, a very small number of operations and procedures were carried out.

Thanks to the attention of the central and local party organs, the help of local economic and cultural institutions, as well as the help of public organizations, collective farms and the entire population, the work of hospitals began to improve. By the end of the war, hospitals were provided with medical equipment and highly qualified specialists. A number of instructions have been developed for the treatment of certain types of injuries and diseases. In the treatment of wounded soldiers, new methods began to be applied, as well as scientific developments obtained during the war. The use of a unified methodology for the treatment of the wounded and sick, the use of all the latest scientific discoveries, complex treatment made it possible to carry out more effective medical work in hospitals. During this period, the number of transactions increased.

On the territory of the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, not only military garrison, evacuation hospitals were stationed, but also hospitals for the lightly wounded. Field mobile and surgical field mobile hospitals for the active army were actively formed. According to our data, the formation of evacuation hospitals actively took place on the territory of the studied region during the first three war years, reaching a peak in 1943. Then the reverse process began. With the end of the war, the treatment of the wounded did not stop. Hospitals were established for the treatment of disabled veterans of the Patriotic War, as well as a hospital for the treatment of German prisoners of war.

A major role in the successful treatment of the wounded and sick Red Army soldiers was played by the specialization of hospitals carried out in the Yaroslavl region in 1942. This made it possible to provide qualified assistance to the wounded, which had a positive effect on the results of medical work. In total, 178 hospitals were formed and deployed on the territory of the region under study during the war years. The hospitals of the region under study performed numerous functions. The course of hostilities throughout the war years determined the main directions of their medical activities. Based on archival data, it can be concluded that the hospitals of the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions until the end of 1943. were engaged in evacuation work, as the front line passed near the borders of the region. At the same time, anti-epidemic work was actively carried out in them. Subsequently, from 1944. due to the fact that the percentage of evacuation fell sharply, hospitals were able to do medical work. It was at this time that active surgical work prevailed in them. After the end of the war, work in hospitals did not end. They were engaged in restoring the health of the invalids of the Patriotic War, mainly in reconstructive surgery. Only in the evacuation hospitals of the Yaroslavl region were treated up to 380,000 wounded1. In terms of the number of those discharged to the unit, the region occupied the 1st place in the RSFSR, and a smaller J percent of the dead could only be achieved in the Ulyanovsk region.

Research work has become an indispensable part of the activity of hospitals. During the war years, issues of improving the methods of treating diseases and injuries, finding new medicines. Doctors got the opportunity to exchange experience at numerous inter-hospital, front-line conferences. Practical experience in the treatment of various diseases and injuries, accumulated during the Great Patriotic War, was summarized after its end. All the achievements of medicine during the war years were successfully applied in the future.

The practice of the Great Patriotic War showed the effectiveness of the measures taken by the party and state bodies. It was they who supervised all the work to provide assistance to hospitals in the rear. Created in October 1941. The All-Union Committee for Assistance to the Wounded ensured the coordination of the actions of all organs of the party, economic, Soviet authorities and public organizations in such an important matter as the creation and further strengthening of a wide hospital network. Traditionally, the Society provided assistance to the victims

1 TsDNI nuclear weapons. F.272. Op.224. D. 1647. L. 121.

2 Ibid. D. 1320. L.48.

Red Cross. The types of assistance provided by this organization were varied. But the most powerful were the training of nurses and sanitary vigilantes, as well as the organization of donation. Other public organizations did not remain aloof from such a noble cause of assistance. Trade unions have done a lot for hospitals. Komsomol and pioneer organizations actively worked in this direction. The following areas of public assistance to hospitals can be distinguished:

1. Assistance in the evacuation of the wounded.

2. Assistance in equipping and deploying hospitals.

3. Help in caring for the wounded.

4. Household care for the wounded.

5. Organization of cultural work in hospitals.

One of the brightest manifestations of the patriotism of the population was patronage of hospitals. Enterprises, collective farms, party and public organizations, cultural and educational institutions provided multilateral assistance to the wounded. As a rule, factories provided assistance to hospitals in repairs, building materials, collective farms helped with food, and schools, institutes, theaters held concerts and staged performances. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of patronage ties for strengthening the material base of hospitals and improving the health of the wounded. The patronage has become a nationwide movement. As a result, not only all hospitals, but even many individual hospital wards had their own bosses.

The Great Patriotic War was a tragedy for the gene pool of the Soviet people. According to the Main Organizational and Mobilization Directorate General Staff Armed Forces, the Second World War claimed the lives of about 26 million citizens of the USSR, including military personnel. The losses of the Red Army and Navy during the entire war with Germany amounted to 11,273 million people. Including: were killed and died during the evacuation stage - 5.177 million, died from wounds in hospitals - 1.100 million.

During the four years of the war, the number of wounded, shell-shocked and burned soldiers and officers reached 15.2 million people, of which 2.6 million people became completely disabled. The average monthly losses of troops and fleets reached 10.5% of the entire strength of the active army - more than 15.5 thousand per day. Only in the Kostroma hospitals during the war years 1373 people died of wounds and diseases4.

The victory in the Great Patriotic War became possible at the cost of incredible efforts. Soviet doctors played an invaluable role in this. Thanks to their selfless work during the Great Patriotic War, it became possible to return to the ranks of the Red Army about 90% of the wounded soldiers and officers. The heroism of medical workers was manifested not only when they risked their lives to take out wounded soldiers from under fire, carried out operations by the light of kerosene lamps in field hospitals, but also in the daily struggle for the life and health of wounded soldiers and officers in hospitals in the rear of the country (including in the Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions). Their heroism was special, everyday, "everyday", not always noticeable, but certainly constant and uninterrupted. Millions of crippled people in hospitals have regained combat capability and hope for a full life. Doctors and nurses selflessly fought for every wounded and sick. Rear hospitals decisively replenished the combat reserves of the Red Army. It is known that already in the second year of the war, the fighting was carried out by troops, a significant part of which were fighters cured in hospitals.

In general, the fiery years of the Great Patriotic War were an unprecedented test for the entire healthcare system. The medical workers of our country, who found themselves in extremely difficult conditions, showed great courage, resilience, selfless courage, invaluable labor heroism and showed spiritual strength to the whole world. Their contribution to the Victory will forever remain one of the brightest pages in the history of the Russian state. about

Aniskov V.T. About historical memory and the price of Victory. // Bulletin of the Upper Volga Branch of the Academy of Military Historical Sciences. Yaroslavl, 2000. P.5.

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Slides captions:

Rear - front. Hospital No. 29 named after N. E. Bauman Knyazev T. N. GAPOU IOC them. V. Talalikhina. 2017

The hospital was founded in 1875 by Princess Natalia Borisovna Shakhovskaya (1820-1906), the founder of the community of sisters of mercy "Satisfy my sorrows". Since its foundation, the hospital has included therapeutic, neurological, surgical and gynecological departments, as well as a department for the care of indistinguishable patients. Alexandrovskaya community of sisters of mercy N.B. Shakhovskoy (community "Satisfy my sorrows".

Grand Duchesses and Empress Sisters of Mercy. Alexander Community of Sisters of Mercy Satisfy my sorrows. City Clinical Hospital N 29. Church of the Resurrection of the Word.

In the 30s, the hospital. N. E. Bauman begins to take a worthy place among the medical institutions of the city of Moscow. A.E. Bauman) The bust was installed in 1895 on the territory of the House of Charity for the Mentally Ill (Psychiatric Hospital 3 named after Skvortsov-Stepanov). Restored.

By the beginning of World War II, the hospital had 3 surgical, 2 therapeutic, neurological and gynecological departments. The total number of beds was 350. The following diagnostic auxiliary departments worked in the hospital: laboratory, radiology department, physiotherapy. In wartime conditions, the hospital becomes a hospital. He was assigned the number 5002, and from February 1941 he began to receive the wounded who arrived in the sanitary "flights".

During the first two weeks of December 1941, about 500 beds deployed by that time received about a thousand people.

The military situation in the autumn of 1941 - winter of 1942 dictated special efficiency to the employees of hospital No. 5002. This period can be characterized as organizational. The entire medical and economic staff was replaced, completely new people were involved in the work. Doctors of the 1941 graduation came to the hospital, actually from the student bench. The heads of departments were surgeons trained in peacetime, who had no experience in military field surgery.

Reception room of the hospital. NE Bauman was designed for a very small number of patients. It was urgently necessary to re-equip it to provide normal operation hospital, which they did in the shortest possible time. The receiving department has become a receiving and sorting department. The head of the medical department of the hospital was the head of this department, and all the leading nursing staff of the hospital worked here.

In the second half of 1942, in addition to those wounded in the upper and lower limbs, military personnel with chest and heart wounds began to enter the hospital. At this time, the honored worker of science Alexander Vasilyevich Vishnevsky came to the hospital to work as a consultant, who made a huge contribution to the development domestic medicine. And his method of treating inflammatory processes and wounds, which consisted in the use of local anesthesia during operations on the wounded and injured and the use of an oil-balsamic emulsion, henceforth formed the basis for the work of the hospital.

A. V. Vishnevsky in the operating room.

Of particular note is the work of the hospital pharmacy. In the period from 1942 to 1943, as a rationalization, the pharmacy produced several batches of aromatic infusion that replaced camphor oil, which made it possible to save about 20 thousand rubles a year. This fluid has been successfully used to treat pressure sores.

The medical staff of the hospital was mainly made up of young doctors of the 1941 graduation, who worked under the guidance of more experienced senior comrades. Morning conferences contributed to the growth of their qualifications, at which they heard not only the reports of the doctors on duty, but also the lectures of the chief surgeon of the hospital, associate professor B.K. Osipov. They dealt with complex cases, gave recommendations on the management of such patients, analyzed the medical records of the deceased, etc. Some doctors have completed various courses of specialization in toxicology, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and diet therapy. Once a week, the analysis of patients was carried out by Professor A. V. Vishnevsky.

In 1944, the nature of the hospital's work changed. The profile of the hospital remained the same, but the radically changed situation at the front, the rapid advance of our army to the west affected the nature of the wounds. If in 1942 - 1943 the wounded were admitted to the hospital a few hours or days after being wounded, then in 1944 Moscow became a deep rear and seriously wounded who had already passed several hospitals were admitted to the hospital. However, despite the heavy contingent of patients, the percentage of the wounded returned to duty in 1944 increased dramatically compared to previous years.

In 1945, the profile of the hospital did not change. It mainly treated patients with complex injuries who were transferred from other hospitals. Evacuation hospital No. 5002, deployed on the basis of the hospital. N. E. Bauman, worked until August 1946.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

"THE FEAT OF CHILDREN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR"

The work was done in collaboration with 3rd grade students. The children studied a large number of different literature on this topic. The material was systematized and compiled into a presentation. I was also with the guys...

Presentation "The role of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War"

This presentation can be used for class hour dedicated to the 70th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War....

102nd Guards Anti-tank Artillery Regiment of the 11th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Ukrainian Front ()

Vladimir Leontievich Burdasov
ENROLLED FOREVER
Born in 1921 at the Chakino station, now the Rzhaksinsky district of the Tambov region. Russian.
Candidate member of the CPSU.
Hero of the Soviet Union (03/24/1945).
Awarded with Orders of Lenin,
Red Star
During the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant Burdasov, a battery commander, was among the first to enter the Moldavian village of Taxobeny on the Prut. Now in the school of this village there is a pioneer detachment named after Vladimir Burda.sov.
bears his name and secondary school the railway village of Chakino in the Tambov region - Volodya Burdasov studied there.
In 1937, Volodya entered the Moscow Railway College. Before the war, he was a dispatcher at one of the stations in the Moscow region. And at the beginning of the war - a cadet of the Podolsky artillery school. In October 1941, he was among those cadets who helped stop the enemy on the outskirts of Moscow.
Particularly distinguished guard lieutenant Burdasov during the Iasi-Kishinev operation.
From the first day of this operation Lieutenant Burdasov's Guard Battery from the 102nd Guards Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment of the 11th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Ukrainian Front took an active part in the battles. Acting in conjunction with rifle subunits, the batterymen successfully suppressed the enemy's firing points, shot down his tanks, and thus cleared the way for the advancing infantry.
On August 23, after the main enemy forces were in the Iasi-Kishinev pocket, the pursuit of the enemy began on the territory of Romania. Battery Burdasov as part of a motorized detachment with infantry mounted on vehicles, broke into the enemy’s location. Artillerymen with direct fire destroyed enemy firing points, shot his infantry. The Nazis could not withstand the blow, began to retreat. Batteries seized five guns, three tanks, and many wagons with military equipment.
In the course of further pursuit of the enemy, a battery with an infantry landing broke into the outskirts of the village of Chorteshti and entered into battle with superior enemy forces. A heated fight broke out. Artillerymen destroyed two more enemy guns, several machine-gun points.
The Nazis launched a counterattack. The battle continued in the village for several hours. Artillerymen boldly entered into duels with enemy tanks and guns. The battery commander himself repeatedly stood up to the gun and hit the enemy with direct fire. Soviet soldiers held back the onslaught of the enemy, did not retreat a single step. But in a difficult battle, artillery officer Vladimir Burdasov died a heroic death. They buried him in mass grave in the village of Taxobeny, Falesti region, Moldavian SSR.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
A memorial plaque was erected in his honor on the building of the Chakinsky Agricultural College.

Literature:
Heroes of war and peaceful everyday life. M., 1980. S. 53 - 55.
Dyachkov L.G. Heroes of the Soviet Union - Tambovites. Voronezh, 1974. S. 165-168.

Fighting always results in casualties. A person, wounded or sick, can no longer perform his tasks to the fullest. But they needed to be brought back to life. For this purpose, medical facilities were created throughout the advance of the troops. Temporary, in the immediate vicinity of combat battles, and permanent - in the rear.

Where were hospitals built?

All hospitals during the Great Patriotic War received at their disposal the most spacious buildings of cities and villages. For the sake of saving the wounded soldiers, their speedy recovery, schools and sanatoriums, university audiences and hotel rooms became medical wards. They tried to create the best conditions for the soldiers. The cities of the deep rear turned into shelters for thousands of soldiers during the illness.

In cities far from the battlefields, hospitals were stationed during the Great Patriotic War. Their list is huge, they covered the entire space from north to south, Siberia and further to the east. Yekaterinburg and Tyumen, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, Irkutsk and Omsk welcomed dear guests. For example, in a city as remote from the front as Irkutsk, there were twenty hospitals. Each point of reception of soldiers from the front line was ready to carry out the necessary medical procedures, organize proper nutrition and care.

The path from injury to healing

A soldier wounded during the battle did not immediately end up in the hospital. The nurses laid the first care of him on their fragile, but such strong female shoulders. "Sisters" in soldier's uniform rushed under heavy enemy fire to pull their "brothers" out of the shelling.

The red cross, sewn on a sleeve or scarf, was given to their employees by hospitals during the Great Patriotic War. A photo or image of this symbol is clear to everyone without words. The cross warns that the person is not a warrior. The Nazis, at the sight of this distinctive sign, simply went berserk. They were annoyed by the mere presence of little nurses on the battlefield. And the way they managed to drag hefty soldiers in full uniform under aimed fire simply infuriated them.

Indeed, in the Wehrmacht army, such work was performed by the healthiest and strongest soldiers. Therefore, they opened a real hunt for little heroines. Only a girlish silhouette with a red cross will flash by, and a lot of enemy trunks aimed at it. Therefore, the death on the front lines of nurses was very frequent. Leaving the battlefield, the wounded received first aid and went to the sorting places. These were the so-called distribution evacuation points. The wounded, shell-shocked and sick were brought here from the nearest fronts. One point served from three to five areas of military operations. Here the soldiers were assigned according to their main injury or disease. A great contribution to the restoration of the combat strength of the army was played by military hospital trains.

VSP could simultaneously transport a large number of wounded. No other ambulance could compete with these engines of emergency medical care. From the sorting stations, the wounded were sent to the interior of the country to specialized Soviet hospitals during the Great Patriotic War.

The main directions of hospitals

Several profiles stood out among hospitals. The most common injuries were considered wounds in the abdominal cavity. They were especially hard. Shrapnel hit in the chest or abdomen led to damage to the diaphragm. As a result, the chest and abdominal cavities are without a natural border, which could lead to the death of soldiers. For their cure, special thoracoabdominal hospitals were created. Among these wounded, the survival rate was low. For the treatment of limb injuries, a femoral-articular profile was created. Hands and feet suffered from wounds and frostbite. Doctors in every conceivable way tried to prevent amputation.

A man without an arm or leg could no longer return to duty. And the doctors were tasked with restoring combat strength.

Neurosurgical and infectious diseases, therapeutic and neuropsychiatric departments, surgery (purulent and vascular) threw all their forces into their front in the fight against diseases of the Red Army soldiers.

Staff

Physicians of different orientations and experience became in the service of the Fatherland. Experienced doctors and young nurses came to hospitals during the Great Patriotic War. Here they worked for days. There were not uncommon among doctors. But this did not happen from a lack of nutrition. They tried to feed both patients and doctors well. Doctors often did not have enough time to escape from their main work and eat. Every minute counted. While dinner was going on, it was possible to help some unfortunate person and save his life.

In addition to providing medical assistance, it was necessary to cook food, feed the soldiers, change bandages, clean the wards, and do laundry. All this was carried out by numerous personnel. They tried to somehow distract the wounded from bitter thoughts. It so happened that the hands were not enough. Then unexpected helpers appeared.

Physician Assistants

Detachments of Octobrists and pioneers, separate classes provided all possible assistance to hospitals during the Great Patriotic War. They served a glass of water, wrote and read letters, entertained the soldiers, because almost everyone had daughters and sons or brothers and sisters somewhere at home. Touching a peaceful life after the bloodshed of terrible everyday life at the front became an incentive for recovery. During the Great Patriotic War, famous artists came to military hospitals with concerts. Their arrival was expected, they turned into a holiday. The call for courageous overcoming of pain, faith in recovery, optimism of speeches had a beneficial effect on patients. Pioneers came with amateur performances. They staged scenes where they ridiculed the Nazis. They sang songs, recited poems about the imminent victory over the enemy. The wounded looked forward to such concerts.

Difficulties of work

Established hospitals at the time functioned with difficulty. In the first months of the war, there was no sufficient supply of medicines, equipment, and specialists. The elementary things were missing - cotton wool and bandages. I had to wash them, boil them. The doctors could not change the gown in time. After a few operations, he turned into a red cloth from fresh blood. The retreat of the Red Army could lead to the fact that the hospital ended up in the occupied territory. In such cases, the life of the soldiers was in danger. Everyone who could take up arms stood up to protect the rest. The medical staff at that time tried to organize the evacuation of the seriously wounded and shell-shocked.

It was possible to establish work in an unsuitable place by going through tests. Only the dedication of doctors made it possible to equip the premises to provide the necessary medical care. Gradually, medical institutions ceased to experience a shortage of medicines and equipment. The work became more organized, was under control and guardianship.

Achievements and omissions

During the Great Patriotic War, hospitals were able to achieve a decrease in the death rate of patients. Up to 90 percent came back to life. Without the involvement of new knowledge, this was not possible. Doctors had to test the latest discoveries in medicine immediately in practice. Their courage gave many soldiers a chance to survive, and not only to stay alive, but also to continue to defend their Motherland.

The deceased patients were buried in. Usually, a wooden plaque with a name or number was installed on the grave. Operating hospitals during the Great Patriotic War, the list of which in Astrakhan, for example, includes several dozen, were created during major battles. Basically, these are evacuation hospitals, such as No. 379, 375, 1008, 1295, 1581, 1585-1596. They were formed during the Battle of Stalingrad, they did not keep records of the dead. Sometimes there were no documents, sometimes a quick move to a new place did not give such an opportunity. Therefore, it is now so difficult to find the burial places of those who died from wounds. There are still missing soldiers to this day.

Nowadays, everyone should know what a field hospital is. WWII is a mournful page in the history of our country. Along with those who heroically defended the frontiers, won a precious victory, as well as those who worked in the rear, there are also medical workers. After all, their merit is no less. Often, being in close proximity to the places of hostilities, these people had to remain calm and, as far as possible, provide assistance to the wounded, fight epidemics, take care of the younger generation, monitor the health of workers at defense enterprises, and medical assistance was also needed for simple population. At the same time, the working conditions were very difficult.

The main function of field hospitals

It is hard to imagine, but statistics show that it was the medical unit that saved and returned to service more than 90 percent of those who won the victory. And to be more precise, it is as many as 17 million people. Of the 100 wounded, only 15 returned to duty thanks to the workers of the rear hospitals, and the rest came into shape at the military hospital.

It is worth knowing that during the time there were no major epidemics and infections. The front simply did not know about them during these years, an amazing situation, because epidemiological and infectious diseases, as a rule, are eternal companions of war. Military hospitals worked day and night to choke the foci of such diseases immediately in the bud, this also saved thousands of human lives.

Establishment of military hospitals

The People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR immediately outlined the main task in wartime - saving the wounded, as well as their recovery, so that a person, having overcome an injury, could return to duty again and continue to fight. That is why, in the forty-first year, many evacuation hospitals begin to appear. This was indicated by a government directive adopted immediately after the start of the war. The plan for the creation of these institutions was even overfulfilled, because everyone in the country understood the importance of the function they performed and the danger posed by a meeting with the enemy.

1,600 hospitals were established to treat approximately 700,000 wounded soldiers. It was decided to use the buildings of sanatoriums and rest houses in order to place military hospitals there, since it was possible to create the necessary conditions for patient care.

evacuation hospitals

It was difficult for doctors to work, but in the forty-second year 57 percent of the wounded returned to service from hospitals, in forty-three - 61 percent, and in forty-four - 47. These figures indicate the productive work of doctors. Those people who, due to their injuries, could not continue to fight, were demobilized or sent on vacation. Only 2 percent of those who ended up in hospitals died.

There were also rear hospitals in which civilian doctors worked, because the rear also needed medical care. All such institutions, as well as other types of hospitals, were under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR.

But these are all so-called evacuation hospitals. It is more interesting to study how it was for those who saved the sick literally on the front line, that is, to learn about field military hospitals.

Field hospital

Underestimate the work of those who worked under them, in any case it is impossible! Thanks to these people, who, by the way, risked their lives themselves, the losses of wounded soldiers of the Soviet troops after the battles were minimal. What is a WWII field hospital? Photos in historical chronicles perfectly show how thousands and thousands of lives were saved, and not only the military, but also those who were close to the field. This is a huge experience in the treatment of shell-shock, shrapnel wounds, blindness, deafness. This place is definitely not for the faint of heart.

Difficulties of work

Of course, doctors often fell under shells, the staff died. And there are many memories of how a very young nurse, dragging a wounded soldier from the battlefield, fell from enemy bullets, or how a talented surgeon, medical staff and the wounded died from the blast wave and shell fragments. But to the last, each of them performed his difficult task. Even training for the medical staff often went under fire, but the personnel were badly needed, and Pirogov's work had to be continued. What is a field hospital? This place concentrated real humanism and self-sacrifice.

There are few descriptions of how the field hospital was equipped, what this place looks like can only be traced rare photos and wartime video chronicles.

Description of the military hospital

What did the field hospital look like? Although the name of this institution sounds solid enough, in essence, it was most often just a few large tents that were easily laid out or assembled so that the hospital could follow the fighters. Field hospitals had their own vehicles and tents, which gave them maneuverability and the ability to be located outside settlements and be part of the army bases. There were other cases as well. For example, when the hospital was based in a school or a large residential building in a settlement near which the fighting took place. Everything depended on the circumstances.

For obvious reasons, there were no separate operating rooms; doctors performed all the necessary surgical procedures right there, assisted by nurses. The environment was extremely simple and mobile. Often screams of pain were heard from the hospital, but there was nothing to be done, here people were saved as best they could. This is how the field hospital functioned in 1943. The photo below, for example, represents the necessary medical tools for a nurse.

Contribution to Victory

It is hard to imagine how great the contribution of Soviet medical workers is to the fact that in May 1945 every citizen of the USSR rejoiced with tears in his eyes, because it is hard to believe, but they won. It was everyday work, but it is comparable to true heroism: to bring back to life, to give health to those who no longer hoped. It was thanks to the wartime hospitals that the number of troops remained at the proper level in this mournful time. The field hospital is a place where real heroes worked. The Great Patriotic War became the most difficult test for the whole country.

eyewitness memories

History keeps a lot of memories of the post-war period, many of which were written by employees of field military hospitals. In many of them, in addition to descriptions of the hell that was happening around, and the story of a difficult life and a difficult emotional state, there are appeals to the younger generation with requests not to repeat wars, to remember what happened in the middle of the 20th century on the territory of our country, and appreciate what each of them worked for.

In order to show the humane attitude of all those who worked in military hospitals, I would like to recall that in many cases assistance was provided not only to Soviet citizens or representatives of the allied forces, but also to wounded soldiers of the enemy army. There were many prisoners, and often they ended up in the camp in a deplorable state, and they had to be helped, because they are also people. In addition, having surrendered, the Germans did not show resistance, and the work of doctors was respected. One woman recalls a 1943 field hospital. She was a twenty-year-old nurse at the time of the war, and she had to single-handedly help more than a hundred former enemies. And nothing, they all sat quietly and endured pain.

Humanism and selflessness are important not only in wartime, but also in our everyday life. And those who fought for human lives and health in field hospitals during the Great Patriotic War serve as an example of these wonderful spiritual qualities.